The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) in 2011 to reduce CO2 emissions from shipping. In 2023, the IMO established the Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index (EEXI) to assess the efficiency of existing vessels. Additionally, in 2021, the European Commission (EC) adopted Fit for 55, aiming to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030. These regulations prioritize increasing vessel efficiency to achieve environmental sustainability yet raise concerns about operational technology (OT) cybersecurity in the maritime industry.
An unintended consequence of these pivotal environmental regulations is an increased risk from using OT in the maritime industry due to the stringent efficiency measures. Vessels must now significantly reduce their carbon intensity by making substantial investments in advanced technologies and sophisticated equipment to enhance vessel efficiency. Integrating technologies with existing OT systems and real-time cloud-based monitoring presents a unique challenge to maritime cybersecurity, a field marked by inherent vulnerabilities.
Cybersecurity Risks Gain Steam
In the late 1800s, the naval industry underwent a significant transformation with the advent of steam propulsion technology. Just as the current regulations are pushing the maritime industry toward a greener future, the invention of steam engines represented a pivotal shift toward enhanced speed, maneuverability, and operational efficiency in the naval sector.
Integrating advanced technology with existing OT systems can be compared to how the industry changed to steam: Mariners had to adapt to the new technologies that came with unique challenges, akin to the current cybersecurity risks faced by the maritime industry.
Factors That Increase Maritime Cybersecurity Risks
OT systems are the backbone of a vessel’s functionality, encompassing critical systems such as radar, electronic charts, cargo and engine monitoring, and automatic identification systems (AIS). The security of these systems is paramount in safeguarding the vessel from potential cyber threats. Given their antiquated design, legacy systems within OT networks are particularly susceptible to cyberattacks. These systems often operate on outdated software and protocols, amplifying their vulnerability. Replacing or upgrading them should be considered within strategic planning and resource allocation, given their functions’ high costs and critical nature.
Authentication and access controls, the bedrock of cybersecurity, must be implemented appropriately within OT networks. Weak or shared passwords facilitate unauthorized network access, amplifying the risk of cyberattacks. The need for more visibility and monitoring in OT networks is critical. System administrators often struggle to detect security breaches due to the inherent design limitations of many OT systems.
The technological innovations integral to achieving the efficiency standards of EEXI demand increased integration between OT systems and cloud-based infrastructure, thereby expanding the potential attack surface for cyber threats. Vessels’ OT systems are increasingly connected to shore-based systems, external networks, and cloud-based infrastructure, thus escalating the cybersecurity risk.
Supply chain attacks pose a significant concern across industries, including the maritime sector. Attackers exploit vulnerabilities in third-party vendors or suppliers to gain entry to target organizations’ systems. Once an attacker obtains access to the vendor’s systems, they can plant malware or gain unauthorized access to the vessel’s systems.
Risks Created by New Regulations
As the maritime industry grapples with the regulatory imperative to reduce carbon emissions, they face a spectrum of cybersecurity risks, including:
An Urgent Call for Change
Amid escalating cybersecurity threats intensified by environmental regulations and critical OT systems, the maritime industry and its partners face profound challenges. The urgent call is to act boldly and decisively. Immediate investments in cutting-edge technologies, system upgrades, stringent access controls, network segmentation, and rigorous vendor vetting are paramount. The cost of delay is significant and potentially catastrophic. By acting swiftly and confidently, the maritime industry can protect itself, secure its resilience, and fortify it against future threats. The industry’s future rests on resolute action today.